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Operators are the symbol which operates on value or a variable. For example: + is a operator to perform addition.

C programming language has wide range of operators to perform various operations. For better understanding of operators, these operators can be classified as:

Operators in C programming
Arithmetic Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Conditional Operators
Bitwise Operators
Special Operators

Arithmetic Operators

OperatorMeaning of Operator
+addition or unary plus
-subtraction or  unary minus
*multiplication
/division
%remainder after division( modulo division)

Example of working of arithmetic operators


/* Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators in C. */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a=9,b=4,c;
c
=a+b;
printf
("a+b=%d\n",c);
c
=a-b;
printf
("a-b=%d\n",c);
c
=a*b;
printf
("a*b=%d\n",c);
c
=a/b;
printf
("a/b=%d\n",c);
c
=a%b;
printf
("Remainder when a divided by b=%d\n",c);
return 0;
}
}
a+b=13
a-b=5
a*b=36
a/b=2
Remainder when a divided by b=1

Explanation

Here, the operators +, - and * performed normally as you expected. In normal calculation, 9/4 equals to 2.25. But, the output is 2 in this program. It is because, a and b are both integers. So, the output is also integer and the compiler neglects the term after decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25. And, finally a%b is 1,i.e. ,when a=9 is divided by b=4, remainder is 1.

Suppose a=5.0, b=2.0, c=5 and d=2
In C programming,
a/b=2.5
a/d=2.5
c/b=2.5
c/d=2

Note: % operator can only be used with integers.

Increment and decrement operators

In C, ++ and -- are called increment and decrement operators respectively. Both of these operators are unary operators, i.e, used on single operand. ++ adds 1 to operand and -- subtracts 1 to operand respectively. For example:

Let a=5 and b=10
a++; //a becomes 6
a--; //a becomes 5
++a; //a becomes 6
--a; //a becomes 5

Difference between ++ and -- operator as postfix and prefix

When i++ is used as prefix(like: ++var), ++var will increment the value of var and then return it but, if ++ is used as postfix(like: var++), operator will return the value of operand first and then only increment it. This can be demonstrated by an example:


#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int c=2,d=2;
printf
("%d\n",c++); //this statement displays 2 then, only c incremented by 1 to 3.
printf
("%d",++c); //this statement increments 1 to c then, only c is displayed.
return 0;
}

Output

2
4

Assignment Operators

The most common assignment operator is =. This operator assigns the value in right side to the left side. For example:

var=5  //5 is assigned to var
a=c; //value of c is assigned to a
5=c; // Error! 5 is a constant.
OperatorExampleSame as
=a=ba=b
+=a+=ba=a+b
-=a-=ba=a-b
*=a*=ba=a*b
/=a/=ba=a/b
%=a%=ba=a%b

Relational Operator

Relational operators checks relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns value 1 and if the relation is false, it returns value 0. For example:

a>b

Here, > is a relational operator. If a is greater than b, a>b returns 1 if not then, it returns 0.

Relational operators are used in decision making and loops in C programming.

OperatorMeaning of OperatorExample
==Equal to5==3 returns false (0)
>Greater than5>3 returns true (1)
<Less than5<3 returns false (0)
!=Not equal to5!=3 returns true(1)
>=Greater than or equal to5>=3 returns true (1)
<=Less than or equal to5<=3 return false (0)

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine expressions containing relation operators. In C, there are 3 logical operators:

OperatorMeaning of OperatorExample
&&Logial AND If c=5 and d=2 then,((c==5) && (d>5)) returns false.
||Logical ORIf c=5 and d=2 then, ((c==5) || (d>5)) returns true.
!Logical NOTIf c=5 then, !(c==5) returns false.

Explanation

For expression, ((c==5) && (d>5)) to be true, both c==5 and d>5 should be true but, (d>5) is false in the given example. So, the expression is false. For expression ((c==5) || (d>5)) to be true, either the expression should be true. Since, (c==5) is true. So, the expression is true. Since, expression (c==5) is true, !(c==5) is false.

Conditional Operator

Conditional operator takes three operands and consists of two symbols ? and : . Conditional operators are used for decision making in C. For example:

c=(c>0)?10:-10;

If c is greater than 0, value of c will be 10 but, if c is less than 0, value of c will be -10.

Bitwise Operators

A bitwise operator works on each bit of data. Bitwise operators are used in bit level programming.

OperatorsMeaning of operators
&Bitwise AND
|Bitwise OR
^Bitwise exclusive OR
~Bitwise complement
<<Shift left
>>Shift right

Bitwise operator is advance topic in programming . Learn more about bitwise operator in C programming.

Other Operators

Comma Operator

Comma operators are used to link related expressions together. For example:

int a,c=5,d;

The sizeof operator

It is a unary operator which is used in finding the size of data type, constant, arrays, structure etc. For example:


#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a;
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf
("Size of int=%d bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf
("Size of float=%d bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf
("Size of double=%d bytes\n",sizeof(c));
printf
("Size of char=%d byte\n",sizeof(d));
return 0;
}

Output

Size of int=4 bytes
Size of float=4 bytes
Size of double=8 bytes
Size of char=1 byte

Conditional operators (?:)

Conditional operators are used in decision making in C programming, i.e, executes different statements according to test condition whether it is either true or false.

Syntax of conditional operators

conditional_expression?expression1:expression2

If the test condition is true, expression1 is returned and if false expression2 is returned.

Example of conditional operator

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char feb;
int days;
printf
("Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter 0: ");
scanf
("%c",&feb);
days
=(feb=='l')?29:28;
/*If test condition (feb=='l') is true, days will be equal to 29. */
/*If test condition (feb=='l') is false, days will be equal to 28. */
printf
("Number of days in February = %d",days);
return 0;
}

Output

Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter n: l
Number of days in February = 29

Other operators such as &(reference operator), *(dereference operator) and ->(member selection) operator will be discussed in pointer chapter.


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