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C Programming Introduction Examples

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">This page contains example and source code on very basic features of C programming language. To understand the examples on this page, you should have knowledge of following topics:<ol> <li><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-variables-and-constants.html" title="Constants and Variables in C programming">Variables and Constants</a></li><li><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-data-types.html" title="Data types in C programming">Data Types</a></li><li><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-input-output-io.html" title="C Programming Input/Output">Input and Output in C programming</a></li><li><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-operators.html" title="Operators in C programming">Operators</a></li></ol><h2>C Introduction Examples</h2><table summary="Source code and Examples on Introductory features of C programming Language"><thead><tr><th>C Programming Introduction Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-print-sentence.html">C Program to Print a Sentence</a></td></tr><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-print-integer-entered-by.html">C Program to Print a Integer Entered by a User</a></td></tr><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-add-two-integers.html">C Program to Add Two Integers Entered by User</a></td></tr><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-multiply-two-floating.html">C Program to Multiply two Floating Point Numbers</a></td></tr><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-find-ascii-value-of.html">C Program to Find ASCII Value of Character Entered by User</a></td></tr><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-find-quotient-and.html">C Program to Find Quotient and Remainder of Two Integers Entered by User</a></td></tr><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-find-size-of-int-float.html">C Program to Find Size of int, float, double and char of Your System</a></td></tr><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-demonstrate-working-of.html">C Program to Demonstrate the Working of Keyword long</a></td></tr><tr> <td><a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-swap-two-numbers.html">C Program to Swap Two numbers Entered by User</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div>

C Programming C Programming Introduction Examples

This page contains example and source code on very basic features of C programming language. To understand the examples on this page, you sh...

C Program to Swap Two Numbers

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">This program asks user to enter two numbers and this program will swap the value of these two numbers. <h2>Source Code to Swap Two Numbers</h2><pre class="prettyprint"><code> #include <stdio.h> int main(){ float a, b, temp; printf("Enter value of a: "); scanf("%f",&a); printf("Enter value of b: "); scanf("%f",&b); temp = a; /* Value of a is stored in variable temp */ a = b; /* Value of b is stored in variable a */ b = temp; /* Value of temp(which contains initial value of a) is stored in variable b*/ printf("\nAfter swapping, value of a = %.2f\n", a); printf("After swapping, value of b = %.2f", b); return 0; } </code> </pre>Output <pre><samp> Enter value of a: 1.20 Enter value of b: 2.45 After swapping, value of a = 2.45 After swapping, value of b = 1.2 </samp></pre> </div> </div>

C Programming C Program to Swap Two Numbers

This program asks user to enter two numbers and this program will swap the value of these two numbers. Source Code to Swap Two Numbers #incl...

C Program to Find Size of int, float, double and char of Your System

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">The size of a character is always 1 byte but, size of int, float and double variables differs from system to system. This program will compute the size of int, float, double and char of you system using sizeof operator. The syntax of size of operator is:<pre title="Syntax of sizeof()"> temp = sizeof(operand); /* Here, temp is a variable of type integer,i.e, sizeof() operator returns integer value. */ </pre><h2>Source Code</h2><pre class="prettyprint" title="C program to compute size of variable using size of operator"><code> /* This program computes the size of variable using sizeof operator.*/ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a; float b; double c; char d; printf("Size of int: %d bytes\n",sizeof(a)); printf("Size of float: %d bytes\n",sizeof(b)); printf("Size of double: %d bytes\n",sizeof(c)); printf("Size of char: %d byte\n",sizeof(d)); return 0; }</code></pre>Output<pre><samp>Size of int: 4 bytes Size of float: 4 bytes Size of double: 8 bytes Size of char: 1 byte</samp></pre>Note: You may get different output depending upon your system.ExplanationIn this program, 4 variables <var>a</var>, <var>b</var>, <var>c</var> and <var>d</var> are declared of type int, float, double and char respectively. Then, the size of these variables is computed using sizeof operator and displayed. </div>

C Programming C Program to Find Size of int, float, double and char of Your System

The size of a character is always 1 byte but, size of int, float and double variables differs from system to system. This program will compu...

C Program to Find Quotient and Remainder of Two Integers Entered by User

Haxjer Hunt 1

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">In this program, user is asked to enter two integers(dividend and divisor) and this program will compute the quotient and remainder and display it. <h2>Source Code</h2><pre class="prettyprint" title="Source Code to compute remainder and quotient"><code> /* C Program to compute remainder and quotient */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder; printf("Enter dividend: "); scanf("%d",&dividend); printf("Enter divisor: "); scanf("%d",&divisor); quotient=dividend/divisor; /* Computes quotient */ remainder=dividend%divisor; /* Computes remainder */ printf("Quotient = %d\n",quotient); printf("Remainder = %d",remainder); return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre>Enter dividend: 25 Enter divisor: 4 Quotient = 6 Remainder = 1 </pre>Explanation <a name='more'></a> This program takes two integers(dividend and divisor) from user and stores it in variable <var>dividend</var> and <var>divisor</var>. Then, quotient and remainder is calculated and stored in variable <var>quotient</var> and <var>remainder</var>. Operator / is used for calculation of quotient and % is used for calculating remainder. Learn more about <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-operators.html#arithmetic">divison(/) and modulo division(%) operator in C programming</a> You can also program can be performed using only two variables as: <pre class="prettyprint" title="Source Code to compute remainder and quotient"><code> /* C Program to compute and display remainder and quotient using only two variables */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int dividend, divisor; printf("Enter dividend: "); scanf("%d",&dividend); printf("Enter divisor: "); scanf("%d",&divisor); printf("Quotient = %d\n",dividend/divisor);/* Computes and displays quotient */ printf("Remainder = %d",dividend%divisor); /* Computes and displays remainder */ return 0; }</code></pre>Output of this program is same as program above but, only two variables are used in this case instead of four variables. </div> </div>

C Programming C Program to Find Quotient and Remainder of Two Integers Entered by User

In this program, user is asked to enter two integers(dividend and divisor) and this program will compute the quotient and remainder and disp...

C Program to Find ASCII Value of a Character

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">Every character in C programming is given an integer value to represent it. That integer value is known as ASCII value of that character. For example: ASCII value of 'a' is 97. Here is the complete list of <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/ascii-character-codes.html" title="ASCII value of characters">ASCII value of characters in C programming</a>. When a character is stored in variable of type <code>char</code>, the ASCII value of character is stored instead of that character itself character itself. For example: If you try to store character 'a' in a char type variable, ASCII value of that character is stored which is 97. In, this program user is asked to enter a character and this program will display the ASCII value of that character. <h2>Source Code</h2><pre class="prettyprint" title="Program to Display ASCII value of Character"><code> /* Source code to find ASCII value of a character entered by user */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char c; printf("Enter a character: "); scanf("%c",&c); /* Takes a character from user */ printf("ASCII value of %c = %d",c,c); return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre>Enter a character: G ASCII value of G = 71</pre>Explanation In this program, user is asked to enter a character and this character will be stored in variable <var>c</var>, i.e., the ASCII value of that character is stored in variable<var> c</var>. When, this value is displayed using <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-input-output-io.html" title="Format string %c in C programming">conversion format string %c</a>, the actual variable is displayed but, when this variable is displayed using <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-input-output-io.html" title="Format string %d in C programming">format string %d</a>, the ASCII value of that character is displayed. </div> </div>

C Programming C Program to Find ASCII Value of a Character

Every character in C programming is given an integer value to represent it. That integer value is known as ASCII value of that character. Fo...

C Program to Multiply two Floating Point Numbers

Haxjer Hunt 2

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">In this program, user is asked to enter two floating point numbers and this program will mulitply these two numbers and display it.<h2>Source Code</h2><pre class="prettyprint" title="Source Code to multiply two floating point numbers"><code> /*C program to multiply and display the product of two floating point numbers entered by user. */ #include <stdio.h> int main( ) { float num1, num2, product; printf("Enter two numbers: "); scanf("%f %f",&num1,&num2); /* Stores the two floating point numbers entered by user in variable num1 and num2 respectively */ product=num1*num2; /* Performs multiplication and stores it */ printf("Product: %f",product); return 0; }</code></pre>Output<pre><samp>Enter two numbers: 2.4 1.1 Sum: 2.640000</samp></pre>ExplanationIn this program, user is asked to enter two floating point numbers. These two numbers entered by user will be stored in variables <var>num1</var> and <var>num2</var> respectively. This is done using <code>scanf( )</code> function. Then, * operator is used for multiplying variables and this value is stored in variable <code>product</code>.<img alt="Multiplication of two floating point numbers in C programming" class="figure" src="/sites/tutorial2program/files/c-programming-multiplication.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 137px; ">Then, the product is displayed and program is terminated. </div> </div>

C Programming C Program to Multiply two Floating Point Numbers

In this program, user is asked to enter two floating point numbers and this program will mulitply these two numbers and display it. Source C...

C Program to Add Two Integers

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">In this program, user is asked to enter two integers and this program will add these two integers and display it. <h2>Source Code</h2><pre class="prettyprint" title="Source Code to add two integers"><code> /*C programming source code to add and display the sum of two integers entered by user */ #include <stdio.h> int main( ) { int num1, num2, sum; printf("Enter two integers: "); scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); /* Stores the two integer entered by user in variable num1 and num2 */ sum=num1+num2; /* Performs addition and stores it in variable sum */ printf("Sum: %d",sum); /* Displays sum */ return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre><samp>Enter two integers: 12 11 Sum: 23</samp></pre>Explanation <a name='more'></a> In this program, user is asked to enter two integers. The two integers entered by user will be stored in variables <var>num1</var> and <var>num2</var> respectively. This is done using <code>scanf( )</code> function. Then, + operator is used for adding variables <var>num1</var> and <var>num2</var> and this value is assigned to variable sum. <div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Adding two numbers in C programming" class="figure" src="http://www.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/c-example-sum.jpg" style="height: 137px; width: 500px;" /></div>Finally, the sum is displayed and program is terminated. There are three variables used for performing this task but, you can perform this same task using 2 variables only. It can done by assiging the sum of <code>num1</code> and <code>num2</code> to one of these variables as shown in figure below. <div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Displaying sum of two integers using two variables only in C programming" class="figure" src="/sites/tutorial2program/files/c-programming-sum-integer.jpg" style="height: 137px; width: 500px;" /></div><pre class="prettyprint"><code> /* C programming source code to add and display the sum of two integers entered by user using two variables only. */ #include <stdio.h> int main( ) { int num1, num2, sum; printf("Enter a two integers: "); scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); num1=num1+num2; /* Adds variables num1 and num2 and stores it in num1 */ printf("Sum: %d",num1); /* Displays value of num1 */ return 0; }</code></pre>This source code calculates the sum of two integers and displays it but, this program uses only two variables. </div> </div>

C Programming C Program to Add Two Integers

In this program, user is asked to enter two integers and this program will add these two integers and display it. Source Code /*C programmin...

C Program to Print a Integer Entered by a User

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><h2>Source Code</h2><pre class="prettyprint" title="Source code to print number entered by user"><code> #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num; printf("Enter a integer: "); scanf("%d",&num); /* Storing a integer entered by user in variable num */ printf("You entered: %d",num); return 0; }</code></pre>Output<pre><samp>Enter a integer: 25 You entered: 25</samp></pre>Explanation In this program, a variable <var>num</var> is declared of <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-data-types.html">type integer using keyword <code>int</code></a>. Then, <code>printf()</code> function prints the content inside quotation mark which is "Enter a integer: ". Then, the <code>scanf()</code> takes integer value from user and stores it in variable <var>num</var>. Finally, the value entered by user is displayed in the screen using <code>printf()</code>. Learn more about <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-input-output-io.html">how <code>printf()</code> and <code>scanf()</code> works in C programming</a>. </div> </div>

C Programming C Program to Print a Integer Entered by a User

Source Code #include <stdio.h> int main () { int num ; printf ( "Enter a integer: " ); scanf ( "%d...

C Program to Print a Sentence

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><h2>Source Code</h2><pre class="prettyprint" title="Program to display a sentence in C programming language"><code> /* C Program to print a sentence. */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("C Programming"); /* printf() prints the content inside quotation */ return 0; }</code></pre>Output<pre><samp> C Programming </samp></pre>Explanation Every C program starts executing code from <code>main( )</code> function. Inside main( ), there is a <code>printf( )</code> function which prints the content inside the quotation mark which is "C Programming" in this case. Learn more about <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-input-output-io.html" title="C input/output" target="_blank">output in C programming language</a>. </div> </div>

C Programming C Program to Print a Sentence

Source Code /* C Program to print a sentence. */ #include <stdio.h> int main () { printf ( "C Programming" ); /* print...

C Programming Operators

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">Operators are the symbol which operates on value or a variable. For example: <var>+</var> is a operator to perform addition.C programming language has wide range of operators to perform various operations. For better understanding of operators, these operators can be classified as:<table style="width: 500px; " summary="Types of operators in C programming Language." cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"><tbody><tr><th>Operators in C programming</th></tr><tr><td><a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic Operators</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="#increment">Increment and Decrement Operators</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="#assignment">Assignment Operators</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="#relational">Relational Operators</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="#logical">Logical Operators</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="#conditional">Conditional Operators</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="#bitwise">Bitwise Operators</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="#other">Special Operators</a></td></tr></tbody></table><h3><a name="arithmetic"></a>Arithmetic Operators</h3><table style="width: 500px; " summary="List of all arithmetic operators in C programming." cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Operator</th><th scope="col">Meaning of Operator</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>+</td><td>addition or unary plus</td></tr><tr><td>-</td><td>subtraction or  unary minus</td></tr><tr><td>*</td><td>multiplication</td></tr><tr><td>/</td><td>division</td></tr><tr><td>%</td><td>remainder after division( modulo division)</td></tr></tbody></table><a name='more'></a>Example of working of arithmetic operators<pre class="prettyprint"><code> /* Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators in C. */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a=9,b=4,c; c=a+b; printf("a+b=%d\n",c); c=a-b; printf("a-b=%d\n",c); c=a*b; printf("a*b=%d\n",c); c=a/b; printf("a/b=%d\n",c); c=a%b; printf("Remainder when a divided by b=%d\n",c); return 0; } }</code></pre><pre><samp>a+b=13 a-b=5 a*b=36 a/b=2 Remainder when a divided by b=1</samp></pre>ExplanationHere, the operators +, - and * performed normally as you expected. In normal calculation, <code>9/4</code> equals to 2.25. But, the output is 2 in this program. It is because, a and b are both integers. So, the output is also integer and the compiler neglects the term after decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25. And, finally <code>a%b</code> is 1,i.e. ,when <code>a=9</code> is divided by <code>b=4</code>, remainder is 1.<pre>Suppose a=5.0, b=2.0, c=5 and d=2 In C programming, a/b=2.5 a/d=2.5 c/b=2.5 c/d=2 </pre>Note: % operator can only be used with integers.<h3><a name="increment"></a>Increment and decrement operators</h3>In C, <code>++</code> and <code>--</code> are called increment and decrement operators respectively. Both of these operators are unary operators, i.e, used on single operand. <code>++</code> adds 1 to operand and <code>--</code> subtracts 1 to operand respectively. For example:<pre>Let a=5 and b=10 a++; //a becomes 6 a--; //a becomes 5 ++a; //a becomes 6 --a; //a becomes 5 </pre><a href="zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/difference-in-increment-operator-as.html" title="increment and decrement operator detail" target="_blank">Difference between ++ and -- operator as postfix and prefix</a>When <code>i++</code> is used as prefix(like: <code>++var</code>), <code>++var</code> will increment the value of <var>var</var> and then return it but, if <code>++</code> is used as postfix(like: var++), operator will return the value of operand first and then only increment it. This can be demonstrated by an example:<pre class="prettyprint"><code> #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int c=2,d=2; printf("%d\n",c++); //this statement displays 2 then, only c incremented by 1 to 3. printf("%d",++c); //this statement increments 1 to c then, only c is displayed. return 0; } </code> </pre>Output<pre><samp>2 4 </samp></pre><h3><a name="assignment"></a>Assignment Operators</h3>The most common assignment operator is <code>=</code>. This operator assigns the value in right side to the left side. For example:<pre>var=5 //5 is assigned to var a=c; //value of c is assigned to a 5=c; // Error! 5 is a constant. </pre><table style="width: 500px; " summary="List of all assignment operators in C programming" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Operator</th><th scope="col">Example</th><th scope="col">Same as</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>=</td><td>a=b</td><td>a=b</td></tr><tr><td>+=</td><td>a+=b</td><td>a=a+b</td></tr><tr><td>-=</td><td>a-=b</td><td>a=a-b</td></tr><tr><td>*=</td><td>a*=b</td><td>a=a*b</td></tr><tr><td>/=</td><td>a/=b</td><td>a=a/b</td></tr><tr><td>%=</td><td>a%=b</td><td>a=a%b</td></tr></tbody></table><h3><a name="relational"></a>Relational Operator</h3>Relational operators checks relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns value 1 and if the relation is false, it returns value 0. For example:<pre>a>b </pre>Here, <code>></code> is a relational operator. If <var>a</var> is greater than <var>b</var>, <var>a>b</var> returns 1 if not then, it returns 0.Relational operators are used in decision making and loops in C programming.<table style="width: 500px; " summary="List of all relational operators in C." cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Operator</th><th scope="col">Meaning of Operator</th><th scope="col">Example</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>==</td><td>Equal to</td><td>5==3 returns false (0)</td></tr><tr><td>></td><td>Greater than</td><td>5>3 returns true (1)</td></tr><tr><td><</td><td>Less than</td><td>5<3 returns false (0)</td></tr><tr><td>!=</td><td>Not equal to</td><td>5!=3 returns true(1)</td></tr><tr><td>>=</td><td>Greater than or equal to</td><td>5>=3 returns true (1)</td></tr><tr><td><=</td><td>Less than or equal to</td><td>5<=3 return false (0)</td></tr></tbody></table><h3><a name="logical"></a>Logical Operators</h3>Logical operators are used to combine expressions containing relation operators. In C, there are 3 logical operators:<table style="width: 500px; " summary="Logical Operators in C programming" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Operator</th><th scope="col">Meaning of Operator</th><th scope="col">Example</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&&</td><td>Logial AND </td><td>If c=5 and d=2 then,((c==5) && (d>5)) returns false.</td></tr><tr><td>||</td><td>Logical OR</td><td>If c=5 and d=2 then, ((c==5) || (d>5)) returns true.</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td>Logical NOT</td><td>If c=5 then, !(c==5) returns false.</td></tr></tbody></table>ExplanationFor expression, <var>((c==5) && (d>5))</var> to be true, both <var>c==5</var> and <var>d>5</var> should be true but, (d>5) is false in the given example. So, the expression is false. For expression <code>((c==5) || (d>5))</code> to be true, either the expression should be true. Since, <code>(c==5)</code> is true. So, the expression is true. Since, expression <code>(c==5)</code> is true, <code>!(c==5)</code> is false.<h3><a name="conditional"></a>Conditional Operator</h3>Conditional operator takes three operands and consists of two symbols ? and : . Conditional operators are used for decision making in C. For example:<pre>c=(c>0)?10:-10; </pre>If <var>c</var> is greater than 0, value of <var>c</var> will be 10 but, if <var>c</var> is less than 0, value of <var>c</var> will be -10.<h3><a name="bitwise"></a>Bitwise Operators</h3>A bitwise operator works on each bit of data. Bitwise operators are used in bit level programming.<table style="width: 500px; " summary="Bitwise operators in C" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Operators</th><th scope="col">Meaning of operators</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&</td><td>Bitwise AND</td></tr><tr><td>|</td><td>Bitwise OR</td></tr><tr><td>^</td><td>Bitwise exclusive OR</td></tr><tr><td>~</td><td>Bitwise complement</td></tr><tr><td><<</td><td>Shift left</td></tr><tr><td>>></td><td>Shift right</td></tr></tbody></table>Bitwise operator is advance topic in programming . Learn more about <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/bitwise-operators-in-c-programming.html" title="Bitwise operators" target="_blank">bitwise operator in C programming</a>.<h3><a name="other"></a>Other Operators</h3><h4>Comma Operator</h4>Comma operators are used to link related expressions together. For example:<pre>int a,c=5,d;</pre><h4>The sizeof operator</h4>It is a unary operator which is used in finding the size of data type, constant, arrays, structure etc. For example:<pre class="prettyprint"><code> #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a; float b; double c; char d; printf("Size of int=%d bytes\n",sizeof(a)); printf("Size of float=%d bytes\n",sizeof(b)); printf("Size of double=%d bytes\n",sizeof(c)); printf("Size of char=%d byte\n",sizeof(d)); return 0; }</code></pre>Output<pre><samp>Size of int=4 bytes Size of float=4 bytes Size of double=8 bytes Size of char=1 byte </samp></pre><h3>Conditional operators (?:)</h3>Conditional operators are used in decision making in C programming, i.e, executes different statements according to test condition whether it is either true or false.<h4>Syntax of conditional operators</h4><pre>conditional_expression?expression1:expression2</pre>If the test condition is true, <code>expression1</code> is returned and if false <code>expression2</code> is returned.<h4>Example of conditional operator</h4><pre class="prettyprint"><code>#include <stdio.h> int main(){ char feb; int days; printf("Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter 0: "); scanf("%c",&feb); days=(feb=='l')?29:28; /*If test condition (feb=='l') is true, days will be equal to 29. */ /*If test condition (feb=='l') is false, days will be equal to 28. */ printf("Number of days in February = %d",days); return 0; }</code></pre>Output<pre><samp>Enter l if the year is leap year otherwise enter n: l Number of days in February = 29</samp></pre>Other operators such as &(reference operator), *(dereference operator) and ->(member selection) operator will be discussed in <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-programming-pointers_27.html" target="_blank">pointer chapter</a>.</div> </div>

C Programming C Programming Operators

Operators are the symbol which operates on value or a variable. For example: + is a operator to perform addition. C programming language ha...

Difference in Increment ++ Operator as Prefix and Postfix

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">In any programming (Java, C Programming, PHP etc. ), increment ++ and decrement -- operator are used for increasing and decreasing the value of operand by 1 respectively.<pre>Suppose, a=5 then, ++a; //a becomes 6 a++; //a becomes 7 --a; //a becomes 6 a--; //a becomes 5</pre>Simple enough till now but, there is a slight but very important difference that a programmer should remember while using these operators.<h2>++ and -- operator as prefix and postfix</h2>If you use ++ operator as prefix like: <code>++var;</code> then, the value of operand is increased by 1 then, only it is returned but, if you use ++ as postfix like: <code>var++;</code> then, the value of operand is returned first then, only it is increased by 1.This is demonstrated by an example in these 4 different programming languages.<a name='more'></a><table class="protable" style="width: 500px; " summary="Working of ++ and -- operator as prefix and postfix in 4 different programming languages" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Languages</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="#c">C Programming</a></td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td><a href="#cpp">C++ Programming</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="#php">PHP</a></td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td><a href="#java">Java</a></td></tr></tbody></table><h3><a name="c"></a>C Programming Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint"><code>#include <stdio.h> int main(){ int var=5; printf("%d\n",var++); /* 5 is displayed then, only var is increased to 6 */ printf("%d",++var); /* Initially, var=6 then, it is increased to 7 then, only displayed */ return 0; }</code></pre><h3><a name="cpp"></a>C++ Programming Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint"><code>#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ int var=5; cout<<var++<<"\n"; /* 5 is displayed then, only var is increased to 6 */ cout<<++var<<"\n"; /* Initially, var=6 then, it is increased to 7 then, only displayed */ return 0; }</code></pre><h3><a name="php"></a>PHP Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint"><code> <?php Svar=5; echo $var++." "; echo ++$var; ?></code></pre><h3><a name="java"></a>Java Example</h3><pre class="prettyprint"><code> class Operator { public static void main(String[] args){ int var=5; System.out.println(var++); System.out.println("\n"+ ++var); } }</code></pre>Output of all these program is same as below:<pre><samp> 5 7 </samp></pre></div>

C Programming Difference in Increment ++ Operator as Prefix and Postfix

In any programming (Java, C Programming, PHP etc. ), increment ++ and decrement -- operator are used for increasing and decreasing the valu...

Bitwise Operators in C programming

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<div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">Bitwise operators are special types of operators that are used in programming the processor. In processor, mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, addition and division are done using the bitwise operators which makes processing faster and saves power.<table style="width: 500px; " summary="List of bitwise operators in C programming." cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1"><thead><tr><th scope="col">Operators</th><th scope="col">Meaning of operators</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&</td><td><a href="#and">Bitwise AND</a></td></tr><tr><td>|</td><td><a href="#or">Bitwise OR</a></td></tr><tr><td>^</td><td><a href="#xor">Bitwise exclusive OR</a></td></tr><tr><td>~</td><td><a href="#complement">Bitwise complement</a></td></tr><tr><td><<</td><td><a href="#left-shift">Shift left</a></td></tr><tr><td>>></td><td><a href="#right-shift">Shift right</a></td></tr></tbody></table><h2><a name="and"></a>Bitwise AND operator in C programming.</h2><a name='more'></a>The output of logical AND is 1 if both the corresponding bits of operand is 1. If either of bit is 0 or both bits are 0, the output will be 0. It is a binary operator(works on two operands) and indicated in C programming by <code>&</code> symbol. Let us suppose the bitwise AND operation of two integers 12 and 25.<pre title="Bitwise AND operation ">12 = 00001100 (In Binary) 25 = 00011001 (In Binary) Bit Operation of 12 and 25 00001100 & 00011001 ________ 00001000 = 8 (In decimal)</pre>As, every bitwise operator works on each bit of data. The corresponding bits of two inputs are check and if both bits are 1 then only the output will be 1. In this case, both bits are 1 at only one position,i.e, fourth position from the right, hence the output bit of that position is 1 and all other bits are 0.<pre class="prettyprint" title="Example of Bitwise AND operator in C Programming."><code> #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a=12,b=39; printf("Output=%d",a&b); return 0; }</code></pre>Output<pre><samp>Output=4</samp></pre> <h2><a name="or"></a>Bitwise OR operator in C</h2>The output of bitwise OR is 1 if either of the bit is 1 or both the bits are 1. In C Programming, bitwise OR operator is denoted by |.<pre title="Bitwise OR operation ">12 = 00001100 (In Binary) 25 = 00011001 (In Binary) Bitwise OR Operation of 12 and 25 00001100 | 00011001 ________ 00011101 = 29 (In decimal)</pre><pre class="prettyprint" title="Example of Bitwise OR operator in C Programming."><code> #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a=12,b=25; printf("Output=%d",a&b); return 0; }</code></pre>Output<pre><samp>Output=29</samp></pre><h2><a name="xor"></a>C Programming Bitwise XOR(exclusive OR) operator</h2>The output of bitwise XOR operator is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operators are opposite(i.e., To get corresponding output bit 1; if corresponding bit of first operand is 0 then, corresponding bit of second operand should be 1 and vice-versa.). It is denoted by ^.<pre title="Bitwise exclusive OR operation ">12 = 00001100 (In Binary) 25 = 00011001 (In Binary) Bitwise XOR Operation of 12 and 25 00001100 | 00011001 ________ 00010101 = 21 (In decimal)</pre><pre class="prettyprint" title="Example of Bitwise OR operator in C Programming."><code> #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a=12,b=25; printf("Output=%d",a^b); return 0; }</code></pre><pre><samp>Output=21</samp></pre><h2>Bitwise compliment operator</h2>Bitwise compliment operator is an unary operator(works on one operand only). It changes the corresponding bit of the operand to opposite bit,i.e., 0 to 1 and 1 to 0. It is denoted by ~.<pre title="Compliment operator in C programming">35=00100011 (In Binary) Bitwise complement Operation of 35 ~ 00100011 ________ 11011100 = 220 (In decimal) </pre><h3>Twist in bitwise complement operator in C Programming</h3>Output of <code>~35</code> shown by compiler won't be 220, instead it shows -36. For any integer <var>n</var>, bitwise complement of <var>n</var> will be <code>-(n+1)</code>. To understand this, you should understand the concept of 2's complement.<h3>2's Complement</h3>Two's complement is the operation on binary numbers which allows number to write it in different form. The 2's complement of number is equal to the complement of number plus 1. For example:<pre title="2's complement example"> Decimal Binary 2's complement 0 00000000 -(11111111+1) = -00000000 = -0(decimal) 1 00000001 -(11111110+1) = -11111111 = -256(decimal) 12 00001100 -(11110011+1) = -11110100 = -244(decimal) 220 11011100 -(00100011+1) = -00100100 = -36(decimal) Note: Overflow is ignored while computing 2's complement. </pre>If we consider the bitwise complement of 35, 220(in decimal) is converted into 2's complement which is -36. Thus, the output shown by computer will be -36 instead of 220.<h3>How is bitwise complement of any number <code>N=-(N+1)</code>?</h3><pre>bitwise complement of N= ~N (represented in 2's complement form) 2'complement of ~N= -(~(~N)+1) = -(N+1) </pre><pre title="Example to demonstrate complement operator in C.">#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("complement=%d\n",~35); printf("complement=%d\n",~-12); return 0; } </pre><pre><samp>complement=-36 Output=11</samp></pre><h1>Shift Operator in C programming</h1>There are two shift operators in C programming: Right shift operator and Left shift operator.<h2><a name="right-shift"></a>Right Shift Operator</h2>Right shift operator moves the all bits towards the right by certain number of bits which can be specified. It is denoted by >>.<pre title="Working of Right Shift Operator">212 = 11010100 (In binary) 212>>2 = 00110101 (In binary) [Right shift by two bits] 212>>7 = 00000001 (In binary) 212>>8 = 00000000 212>>0 = 11010100 (No Shift) </pre><h2><a name="left-shift"></a>Left Shift Operator</h2>Left shift operator moves the all bits towards the left by certain number of bits which can be specified. It is denoted by <<.<pre title="Working of Left Shift Operator">212 = 11010100 (In binary) 212<<1 = 110101000 (In binary) [Left shift by one bit] 212<<0 =11010100 (Shift by 0) 212<<4 = 110101000000 (In binary) =3392(In decimal) </pre><pre class="prettyprint" title="Source Code to demonstrate working of right and left shift operator"><code> #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num=212,i; for (i=0;i<=2;++i) printf("Right shift by %d: %d\n",i,num>>i); printf("\n"); for (i=0;i<=2;++i) printf("Left shift by %d: %d\n",i,num<<i); return 0; }</code></pre><pre><samp> Right Shift by 0: 212 Right Shift by 1: 106 Right Shift by 2: 53 Left Shift by 0: 212 Left Shift by 1: 424 Left Shift by 2: 848 </samp></pre>Interesting thing to note in Left and Right ShiftFor any positive number, right shift is equal to integer division of that number by (shift bit plus one) and for any integer left shift is equal to the multiplication of that number by (shift bit plus one). </div>

C Programming Bitwise Operators in C programming

Bitwise operators are special types of operators that are used in programming the processor. In processor, mathematical operations like: add...

C Programming Pointers

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">Pointers are the powerful feature of C and (C++) programming, which differs it from other popular programming languages like: java and Visual Basic. Pointers are used in C program to access the memory and manipulate the address. <h3>Reference operator(&)</h3>If <var>var</var> is a variable then, <code>&var</code> is the address in memory. <pre class="prettyprint"><code> /* Example to demonstrate use of reference operator in C programming. */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int var=5; printf("Value: %d\n",var); printf("Address: %d",&var); //Notice, the ampersand(&) before var. return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7321614453975088586" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7321614453975088586" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><samp>Value: 5 Address: 2686778</samp></pre><div class="note">Note: You may obtain different value of address while using this code.</div>In above source code, value 5 is stored in the memory location 2686778. <var>var</var> is just the name given to that location. You, have already used reference operator in C program while using <code>scanf()</code> function. <pre>scanf("%d",&var);</pre><h3>Reference operator(*) and Pointer variables<a name='more'></a></h3>Pointers variables are used for taking addresses as values, i.e., a variable that holds address value is called a pointer variable or simply a pointer. <h3>Declaration of Pointer</h3>Dereference operator(*) are used to identify an operator as a pointer. <pre>data_type * pointer_variable_name; int *p; </pre>Above statement defines, <var>p</var> as pointer variable of type int. <h3>Example To Demonstrate Working of Pointers</h3><pre class="prettyprint"><code> /* Source code to demonstrate, handling of pointers in C program */ #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int *pc,c; c=22; printf("Address of c:%d\n",&c); printf("Value of c:%d\n\n",c); pc=&c; printf("Address of pointer pc:%d\n",pc); printf("Content of pointer pc:%d\n\n",*pc); c=11; printf("Address of pointer pc:%d\n",pc); printf("Content of pointer pc:%d\n\n",*pc); *pc=2; printf("Address of c:%d\n",&c); printf("Value of c:%d\n\n",c); return 0; } </code> </pre>Output <pre><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7321614453975088586" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><samp>Address of c: 2686784 Value of c: 22 Address of pointer pc: 2686784 Content of pointer pc: 22 Address of pointer pc: 2686784 Content of pointer pc: 11 Address of c: 2686784 Value of c: 2</samp></pre><div style="text-align: center;"></div>Explanation of program and figure <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNH8MMhjfUCV4xnJ_kaU3BQHGy0b1DbVM4WsOiX-mRhh4mGGxg72wuMfCAp_zgUZLUPg8-HYj5gg5CGla6UudYIons0aM3x0nfhWs2J0ip9bGJ9O2Lv8njz5sx1HQ43UmN0_vS3n0OLA/s1600/pointers-in-c-programming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNH8MMhjfUCV4xnJ_kaU3BQHGy0b1DbVM4WsOiX-mRhh4mGGxg72wuMfCAp_zgUZLUPg8-HYj5gg5CGla6UudYIons0aM3x0nfhWs2J0ip9bGJ9O2Lv8njz5sx1HQ43UmN0_vS3n0OLA/s1600/pointers-in-c-programming.jpg" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><ol><li>Code <code>int *pc, p;</code> creates a pointer <var>pc</var> and a variable <var>c</var>. Pointer <var>pc</var> points to some address and that address has garbage value. Similarly, variable <var>c</var> also has garbage value at this point.</li><li>Code<code> c=22;</code> makes the value of c equal to 22, i.e.,22 is stored in the memory location of variable <var>c</var>.</li><li>Code pc=&c; makes pointer, point to address of c. Note that, <code>&c</code> is the address of variable <var>c</var> (because <var>c</var> is normal variable) and <var>pc</var> is the address of <var>pc</var> (because pc is the pointer variable). Since the address of pc and address of c is same, <code>*pc</code> (value of pointer pc) will be equal to the value of <var>c</var>.</li><li>Code <code>c=11;</code> makes the value of <var>c</var>, 11. Since, pointer <var>pc</var> is pointing to address of <var>c</var>. Value of <var>*pc</var> will also be 11.</li><li>Code <code>*pc=2;</code> change the contents of the memory location pointed by pointer <var>pc</var> to change to 2. Since address of pointer <var>pc</var> is same as address of <var>c</var>, value of <var>c</var> also changes to 2.</li></ol> <h4>Commonly done mistakes in pointers</h4>Suppose, the programmer want pointer pc to point to the address of c. Then, <pre>int c, *pc; pc=c; /* pc is address whereas, c is not an address. */ *pc=&c; /* &c is address whereas, *pc is not an address. */</pre>In both cases, pointer pc is not pointing to the address of c.</div></div>

C Programming C Programming Pointers

Pointers are the powerful feature of C and (C++) programming, which differs it from other popular programming languages like: java and Visua...

C Programming Input Output (I/O)

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">ANSI standard has defined many library functions for input and output in C language. Functions <code>printf()</code> and <code>scanf()</code> are the most commonly used to display out and take input respectively. Let us consider an example: <pre class="prettyprint"><code> #include <stdio.h> //This is needed to run printf() function. int main() { printf("C Programming"); //displays the content inside quotation return 0; }</code> </pre>Output <pre><samp>C Programming</samp></pre>Explanation of How this program works <ol><li>Every program starts from main() function.</li><li><code>printf()</code> is a library function to display output which only works if <code>#include<stdio.h></code>is included at the beginning.</li><li>Here, <code>stdio.h</code> is a header file (standard input output header file) and <code>#include</code> is command to paste the code from the header file when necessary. When compiler encounters <code>printf()</code> function and doesn't find <code>stdio.h</code> header file, compiler shows error.</li><li>Code <code>return 0;</code> indicates the end of program. You can ignore this statement but, it is good programming practice to use <code>return 0;</code>.</li></ol><h2>I/O of integers in C</h2><pre class="prettyprint"><code><a name='more'></a> #include<stdio.h> int main() { int c=5; printf("Number=%d",c); return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre><samp>Number=5</samp></pre>Inside quotation of <code>printf()</code> there, is a conversion format string <code>"%d"</code> (for integer). If this conversion format string matches with remaining argument,i.e, <var>c</var> in this case, value of <var>c</var> is displayed. <pre class="prettyprint"><code> #include<stdio.h> int main() { int c; printf("Enter a number\n"); scanf("%d",&c); printf("Number=%d",c); return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre><samp>Enter a number 4 Number=4</samp></pre>The <code>scanf()</code> function is used to take input from user. In this program, the user is asked a input and value is stored in variable <var>c</var>. Note the '&' sign before <var>c</var>. &c denotes the address of <var>c</var> and value is stored in that address. <h2>I/O of floats in C</h2><pre class="prettyprint"><code> #include <stdio.h> int main(){ float a; printf("Enter value: "); scanf("%f",&a); printf("Value=%f",a); //%f is used for floats instead of %d return 0; } </code> </pre>Output <pre><samp>Enter value: 23.45 Value=23.450000</samp></pre>Conversion format string <code>"%f"</code> is used for floats to take input and to display floating value of a variable. <h2>I/O of characters and ASCII code</h2><pre class="prettyprint"><code>#include <stdio.h> int main(){ char var1; printf("Enter character: "); scanf("%c",&var1); printf("You entered %c.",var1); return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre>Enter character: g You entered g.</pre>Conversion format string <code>"%c"</code> is used in case of characters. <h3>ASCII code</h3>When character is typed in the above program, the character itself is not recorded a numeric value(ASCII value) is stored. And when we displayed that value by using <code>"%c"</code>, that character is displayed. <pre class="prettyprint"><code> #include <stdio.h> int main(){ char var1; printf("Enter character: "); scanf("%c",&var1); printf("You entered %c.\n",var1); /* \n prints the next line(performs work of enter). */ printf("ASCII value of %d",var1); return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre><samp>Enter character: g 103 </samp></pre>When, <var>'g'</var> is entered, ASCII value 103 is stored instead of <var>g</var>. You can display character if you know ASCII code only. This is shown by following example. <pre class="prettyprint"><code> #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int var1=69; printf("Character of ASCII value 69: %c",var1); return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre><samp>Character of ASCII value 69: E</samp></pre>The ASCII value of 'A' is 65, 'B' is 66 and so on to 'Z' is 90. Similarly ASCII value of 'a' is 97, 'b' is 98 and so on to 'z' is 122. <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/ascii-character-codes.html" target="_blank" title="ASCII character code">Click here to learn about complete reference of ASCII code</a>. <h2>More about Input/Output of floats and Integer</h2><h3>Variations in Output for integer an floats</h3>Integer and floating-points can be displayed in different formats in C programming as: <pre class="prettyprint"><code>#include<stdio.h> int main(){ printf("Case 1:%6d\n",9876); /* Prints the number right justified within 6 columns */ printf("Case 2:%3d\n",9876); /* Prints the number to be right justified to 3 columns but, there are 4 digits so number is not right justified */ printf("Case 3:%.2f\n",987.6543); /* Prints the number rounded to two decimal places */ printf("Case 4:%.f\n",987.6543); /* Prints the number rounded to 0 decimal place, i.e, rounded to integer */ printf("Case 5:%e\n",987.6543); /* Prints the number in exponential notation(scientific notation) */ return 0; }</code></pre>Output <pre><samp>Case 1: 9876 Case 2:9876 Case 3:987.65 Case 4:988 Case 5:9.876543e+002 </samp></pre><h3>Variations in Input for integer and floats</h3><pre class="prettyprint"><code>#include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a,b; float c,d; printf("Enter two intgers: "); /*Two integers can be taken from user at once as below*/ scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("Enter intger and floating point numbers: "); /*Integer and floating point number can be taken at once from user as below*/ scanf("%d%f",&a,&c); return 0; }</code></pre>Similarly, any number of input can be taken at once from user.</div> </div>

C Programming C Programming Input Output (I/O)

ANSI standard has defined many library functions for input and output in C language. Functions printf() and scanf() are the most commonly ...

C Programming Data Types

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<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">In C, variable(data) should be declared before it can be used in program. Data types are the keywords, which are used for assigning a type to a variable. <h2>Data types in C</h2><ol><li>Fundamental Data Types<ul><li>Integer types</li><li>Floating Type</li><li>Character types</li></ul></li><li>Derived Data Types<ul><li>Arrays</li><li>Pointers</li><li>Structures</li><li>Enumeration</li></ul></li></ol><h2>Syntax for declaration of a variable</h2><pre>data_type variable_name; </pre><h3>Integer data types<a name='more'></a></h3>Keyword int is used for declaring the variable with integer type. For example: <pre>int var1; </pre>Here, <var>var1</var> is a variable of type integer. The size of int is either 2 bytes(In older PC's) or 4 bytes. If you consider an integer having size of 4 byte( equal to 32 bits), it can take 232 distinct states as: -231,-231+1, ...,-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., 231-2, 231-1 Similarly, int of 2 bytes, it can take 216 distinct states from -215 to 215-1. If you try to store larger number than 231-1, i.e,+2147483647 and smaller number than -231, i.e, -2147483648,  program will not run correctly. <h2>Floating types</h2>Variables of floating types can hold real values(numbers) such as: 2.34, -9.382 etc. Keywords either float or double is used for declaring floating type variable. For example: <pre>float var2; double var3;</pre>Here, both <var>var2</var> and <var>var3</var> are floating type variables. In C, floating values can be represented in exponential form as well. For example: <pre>float var3=22.442e2 </pre><h3>Difference between float and double</h3>Generally the size of float(Single precision float data type) is 4 bytes and that of double(Double precision float data type) is 8 bytes. Floating point variables has a precision of 6 digits whereas the the precision of double is 14 digits. <div class="notice">Note: Precision describes the number of significant decimal places that a floating values carries.</div><h2>Character types</h2>Keyword char is used for declaring the variable of character type. For example: <pre>char var4='h'; </pre>Here, <var>var4</var> is a variable of type character which is storing a character 'h'. The size of char is 1 byte. The character data type consists of ASCII characters. Each character is given a specific value. For example: <pre>For, 'a', value =97 For, 'b', value=98 For, 'A', value=65 For, '&', value=33 For, '2', value=49</pre>Here is the list of all <a href="https://www.blogger.com/zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/ascii-character-codes.html" target="_blank">ASCII characters in C language</a>. <h2>Qualifiers</h2>Qualifiers alters the meaning of base data types to yield a new data type. Size qualifiers: Size qualifiers alters the size of basic data type. The keywords long and short are two size qualifiers. For example: <pre>long int i; </pre>The size of int is either 2 bytes or 4 bytes but, when long keyword is used, that variable will be either 4 bytes of 8 bytes. Learn more about <a href="http://zen-tek.blogspot.in/2014/02/c-program-to-demonstrate-working-of.html" target="_blank" title="long keyword in C">long keyword in C programming</a>. If the larger size of  variable is not needed then, short keyword can be used in similar manner as long keyword. Sign qualifiers: Whether a variable can hold only positive value or both values is specified by sign qualifiers. Keywords signed and unsigned are used for sign qualifiers. <pre>unsigned int a; // unsigned variable can hold zero and positive values only </pre>It is not necessary to define variable using keyword signed because, a variable is signed by default. Sign qualifiers can be applied to only int and char data types. For a int variable of size 4 bytes it can hold data from -231 to 231-1 but, if that variable is defined unsigned, it can hold data from 0 to 232 -1. Constant qualifiers Constant qualifiers can be declared with keyword const. An object declared by const cannot be modified. <pre>const int p=20;</pre>The value of <var>p</var> cannot be changed in the program. Volatile qualifiers: A variable should be declared volatile whenever its value can be changed by some external sources outside program. Keyword volatile is used to indicate volatile variable.</div> </div>

C Programming C Programming Data Types

In C, variable(data) should be declared before it can be used in program. Data types are the keywords, which are used for assigning a type t...

C Program to Demonstrate the Working of Keyword long

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded">Keyword long is used for altering the size of data type. For example: the size of <code>int</code> is either 2 bytes or 4 bytes but, when long keyword is used, the size of <code>long int</code> will be either 4 bytes or 8 bytes. Also, you can use<code> long long int</code>. The size of <code>long long int</code> is generally 8 bytes. This program will demonstrate the size of keyword long for my system. It may be different in your system. <h2>Source Code</h2><pre class="prettyprint" title="Program to find the size of int, long int and long long int."><code> #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int a; long int b; /* int is optional. */ long long int c; /* int is optional. */ printf("Size of int = %d bytes\n",sizeof(a)); printf("Size of long int = %ld bytes\n",sizeof(b)); printf("Size of long long int = %ld bytes",sizeof(c)); return 0; }</code></pre><pre class="prettyprint" title="Program to find the size of int, long int and long long int."><code> </code> Output </pre><pre>Size of int = 4 bytes Size of long int = 4 bytes Size of long long int = 8 bytes</pre>In this program, the sizeof operator is used for finding the size of <code>int</code>, <code>long int</code> and <code>long long int</code>. Thus, <code>int</code> and <code>long int</code> for my system can hold values from -231 to 231-1. If I have to work on data outside this range, I have to use <code>long long int</code>, which can hold values from -263 to 263-1 . Similarly, the long keyword can be used double and floats types. </div> </div>

C Programming C Program to Demonstrate the Working of Keyword long

Keyword long is used for altering the size of data type. For example: the size of int is either 2 bytes or 4 bytes but, when long keyword i...

ASCII Character Codes

Haxjer Hunt 0

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="protable" style="width: 600px;" summary="All ASCII character codes used in C programming."><caption>ASCII Character Codes List</caption><tbody><tr><td></td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td>0</td><td>nul</td><td>soh</td><td>stx</td><td>etx</td><td>eot</td><td>enq</td><td>ack</td><td>bel</td><td>bs</td><td>ht</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>nl</td><td>vt</td><td>np</td><td>cr</td><td>so</td><td>si</td><td>dle</td><td>dcl</td><td>dc2</td><td>dc3</td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td>2</td><td>dc4</td><td>nak</td><td>syn</td><td>etb</td><td>can</td><td>em</td><td>sub</td><td>esc</td><td>fs</td><td>gs</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>rs</td><td>us</td><td>sp</td><td>!</td><td>"</td><td>#</td><td>$</td><td>%</td><td>&</td><td>'</td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td>4</td><td>(</td><td>)</td><td>*</td><td>+</td><td>,</td><td>-</td><td>.</td><td>/</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>:</td><td>;</td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td>6</td><td><</td><td>=</td><td>></td><td>?</td><td>@</td><td>A</td><td>B</td><td>C</td><td>D</td><td>E</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>F</td><td>G</td><td>H</td><td>I</td><td>J</td><td>K</td><td>L</td><td>M</td><td>N</td><td>O</td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td>8</td><td>P</td><td>Q</td><td>R</td><td>S</td><td>T</td><td>U</td><td>V</td><td>W</td><td>X</td><td>Y</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Z</td><td>[</td><td>\</td><td>]</td><td>^</td><td>_</td><td>'</td><td>a</td><td>b</td><td>c</td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td>10</td><td>d</td><td>e</td><td>f</td><td>g</td><td>h</td><td>i</td><td>j</td><td>k</td><td>l</td><td>m</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>n</td><td>o</td><td>p</td><td>q</td><td>r</td><td>s</td><td>t</td><td>u</td><td>v</td><td>w</td></tr><tr class="cprotable"><td>12</td><td>x</td><td>y</td><td>z</td><td>{</td><td>|</td><td>}</td><td>~</td><td>del</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><h2>How to use ASCII character code table</h2>Suppose you want to find the <acronym title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</acronym> code for capital A then, first watch the corresponding bold number in left of it, i.e, 6 in this case and the bold number on the top of it, i.e, 5. Then, ASCII value of 'A' equals to 65 </div> </div>

C Programming ASCII Character Codes

ASCII Character Codes List 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 nul soh stx etx eot enq ack bel bs ht 1 nl vt np cr so si dle dcl dc2 dc3 2 dc4 nak syn etb...

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